Vermont is one of the smaller states encompassing only 9250 square miles. It has a population of about 630,000 people and a current estimated deer population of 130,000-160,000. The people and deer populations have been fairly stable in recent years although the forest-to-open land ratios have gone in favor of forests. They are now estimated to cover about 78% of the state. That's about 24% more forest lands now than there were in 1948. Now there is less open public land and fewer hunters too.

Deer populations and how they interact with their surroundings involve a number of variables. The fact is, if deer have become something you're tired of seeing around the house and in your gardens, then it's time to make some decisions. Just because you've been spared the opportunity to see a deer eating your favorite shrubs doesn't mean that will continue. Living within a town or city likewise leaves little assurance that your gardens will be safe; in fact many urban areas have bigger deer problems than rural areas such as ours. Montpelier, Vermont for example, probably has one of the highest deer densities in the state and yet the State Capitol is in the middle of it.

We've been here in Marshfield since 1989. We consider this a rural area and yet the gardens around the house have hardly been bothered by deer until the past couple years. When you're growing this number of flowers and when your display gardens are as big as ours, you need a strategy and it has to be in place from spring through deep snow. Our strategy continues to evolve. It's been effective thus far and we're happy to share some thoughts with you.

What deer eat is a function of deer density, available food sources and the competition for that food. If you begin to see signs that deer are eating your favorite flowers, shrubs or trees, it's a signal that you must watch more closely. Deer develop bad habits quickly and in short order can take out a large number of plants. Like some children, they need "guidance".

The Internet has plenty of methods but here are a few to think about. Think of yourself as if on a continuum relative to deer density. As the surrounding deer population increases, your strategy must move from minor "reminders" to the deer to strong fences to physically block their access to your gardens. Cost is obviously relative to the sophistication of the method.

When we arrived at our new home in 1989, two adjacent neighbors had a long history of flower and vegetable gardening. There were occasional "problems", but they were minor. We moved in with a couple extra acres of instant flowers but witnessed little change. We used various scents for several years which worked well. Pieces of 1" X 1" X 30" pine or spruce driven into the ground and topped with 8" strips of old towels stapled or nailed to the top was our first attempt at reminding the deer someone else lived here too. We sprinkled cheap after shave lotions, unpopular perfumes and soaps on the towel strips and the scent served as the necessary reminder. Changing fragrances once in a while was always sufficient to keep the deer away until fall. They always seemed to get to the last Brussels Sprouts or to pawing out the last carrots before we did anyway. Nonetheless it worked and was inexpensive!

After a couple years, some surrounding habitat changed due to some forest clear cutting on two corners of our land. We found some deer had reverted to using an old trail that passed through what was now new garden space. We used 20 pound test monofilament fishing line strung about 26" off the ground and that got us through several more years. Deer apparently have a sense for the unnatural and one touch of the line suggested an unknown danger. Whether these things will work for you or not depends on where you live, current densities of deer and what they have for available food. Everyone likes to start with the least restrictive and least costly solutions and these can work.

As years passed, our gardens grew closer to the woodlands and surrounding areas changed dramatically. Eight housing changes within a mile's radius affected where the deer traveled and one neighbor chose to feed the deer prior to hunting seasons (no longer permitted). As deer numbers increased, the minor "reminders" no longer worked well enough. We had to move along the continuum to foliar sprays. If you do not have too high a density of deer or too extensive a collection of gardens, foliar sprays are a good deterrent for non-edible plants, shrubs and trees and possibly will work for you.

There are many sprays on the market. All are available by mail order and many are available locally at garden shops, larger nurseries and farm and garden type stores. Here is a list of easily available ones, many of which have websites. Some are organic and some have eggs, fish or slaughterhouse byproducts included for some less-than-popular aromas. Each has its following. Prices vary from "not too good" to down right expensive but you have to keep the price in context: If you're an avid gardener, $25 isn't much to make you happy for a gardening season.

Consider these: Bobbex, Chewnot, Deer Away, Deer Off, Deervik, Hinder, Liquid Fence, Not Tonight Deer, Plantskydd and Ropel. The one we like the best is named Tree Guard. This is a latex product which includes Bitrex, an extremely bitter agent. When Gail and I were kids, you could purchase Bitrex in the drug store. It was applied to the fingers of chronic nail biters and it worked!

Tree Guard was developed for the Christmas tree industry and that makes sense. It has been well tested and will hold on even in heavy rains for 10-14 weeks. From our experience including spraying it on our large crop of hostas, a.k.a. deer lettuce, we find that an initial spraying is needed as leaves get growing. Then we spray again when the plants are putting out a second and third series of leaves. Although it will hold firm from the first spraying on, the new growth is what the deer go after, hence the need for additional applications. Being a latex, a hand sprayer will clog before you're done and you have no choice but to clean things up before finishing the job. When finished, it is worth it to know that you have established a level of protection for your plants. If you have other questions about this, let us know. We usually sell Tree Guard here at VFF if you can't locate it. Oh yes, don't forget rubber gloves and eye protection,,,..when we say bitter tasting, we mean bitter!

When foliar sprays just aren't good enough, you have to go the fence route. This solution usually works but is expensive in time and money. A double strand electric fence is one choice. That involves parallel fences, 5-6 feet apart with the interior fence slightly higher than the exterior. Vertical fencing, three strands high is another possibility. The options in fence components, including fence posts or poles, and battery, solar or 110V current deserve some research as there is a big cost spread. Again, give this some thought.

The final option on the fencing involves polypropylene mesh-grid fencing. One of many sources is Benner's Gardens http://bennersgardens.com Their website gives the details. Another source that was especially helpful to us because we needed more than a couple rolls was Specialty Agricultural Products, LLC, in Orange, Connecticut. Both companies sell a tough, black plastic fence that is 7.5 feet high and comes in 100 foot or greater rolls. This is for serious gardeners with serious problems.

Metal fence posts in the 9-10 foot range are the best bet for most installations so that 1.5-2 feet of pole can be sunk in the ground for stability. These have to be special ordered either from farm or fencing stores. If you can't find these, you can improvise with shorter metal fence posts joined with electrical conduit or 1/2" rebar to get the height. By using zip ties you can put the two together to gain the support for the fencing. Deer can easily go under fences so you also have to properly anchor everything to the ground and pay attention to dips and gullies.

At our new nursery location we were at a disadvantcge from the beginning and went straight to fencing. Our neighbor there had fed deer during the days when it was legal so there was an established following and well trodden deer trails crossing down the neighbors mountain and across the Winooksi River. To make the fencing decision even easier, the last farmer to cut hay on our land had seeded it all with clover which is known to bring out the gourmet in deer. Knowing the number of deer I had seen there over the years and their preference for clover, there was no smarter choice if we were going to grow five acres of flowers. I went directly to pressure treated 10 foot tall 4 X 4's cemented into the ground 2 feet. It was an expense and a chore but has worked very well. The exception to the "works very well" is spring and fall when moose are on the move. In fall deer come down off mountains to spend time at lower elevations. In contrast, moose go higher for their preferreed food source. During periods of transition, moose walk right through this fence and keep going. Fortunately it's not a regular event but you have to prepare yourself for the inevitable if you live here.

Just talking about deer control seems endless as we write away, sharing thoughts and trying to be helpful. Here's our last idea and it's a good one.......but only for a select few gardeners who have land apart from their garden areas and crave spending money, conducting experiments and soil tests and hiring tractor-mounted rototillers. Remember when I began rambling, I mentioned that what deer eat is a function of deer density, available food sources and the competition for that food? If you have a deer concentration but have some open land away from your gardens, you can create a food supply that will offer deer and other wildlife the food crops they prefer to eat instead of your gardens. By preparing some open areas, conducting a soil test and amending the soil appropriately, there are matching crops that will likely draw deer away from your gardens. There are no guarantees, but there's a good chance you'll like the outcome.

Just like fencing, there are financial and time commitments involved but the possible reward is there. If you or your friends or family members enjoy hunting too, the reward in planting food plots is that much greater......but that's another story best left to those who do it professionally. Interested? Give our friends at Wildlife Habitat Consultants a call, toll free at 1-866-848-7568 or check them out on-line at www.critterfoods.com They're great folks who know a great deal about managing deer and other wildlife.

Whether you try non-traditional ideas, foliar sprays, strong fences or food plots, spend a little time thinking about our environment and the competition we share with each other. Questions? Stop by, give us a call or email us at lilies@hughes.net. We don't always have the answer, but we always try to help.